ꯀꯃꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯅ꯭ꯌꯨꯃꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯁꯤꯂꯤꯟꯗꯔ ꯐꯦꯏꯂꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯣꯂꯨꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ

May 12, 2025

ꯄꯥꯎꯖꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯊꯥꯗꯣꯀꯎ

Common Pneumatic Cylinder Failures And Solutions

ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯅ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯟꯕꯅ꯭ꯌꯨꯃꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯁꯤꯂꯤꯟꯗꯔ ꯑꯁꯤ .ꯃꯥꯌ ꯄꯥꯀꯄꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯣꯂꯨꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ .

꯱.ꯁꯤꯂꯤꯟꯗꯔ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯁꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯂꯩ .

ꯑꯁꯣꯅꯕꯥ ꯁꯤꯂꯤꯟꯗꯔ ꯑꯦꯁꯦꯝꯕꯂꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯁꯥꯡꯅꯥ{0}}ꯇꯥꯏꯝ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯌꯗ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯅꯥ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯨꯅꯥ, ꯅ꯭ꯌꯨꯃꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯑꯦꯛꯇꯤꯕꯦꯇꯔ +(ꯁꯤꯂꯤꯟꯗꯔ) ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏꯅꯔꯖꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯄꯥꯟꯗꯥ ꯂꯤꯛ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ, ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯗꯕꯥ ꯑꯥꯎꯠꯄꯨꯠ ꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯦꯁ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯆꯣꯞꯄꯤ ꯃꯨꯚꯃꯦꯟꯇ, ꯐꯠꯇꯕꯥ ꯕꯐꯔ ꯏꯝꯄꯦꯛꯇ, ꯄꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯣꯟ ꯔꯣꯗ + ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯤꯂꯤꯟꯗꯔ ꯍꯦꯗ * ꯑꯃꯥꯡ-ꯑꯇꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯐꯦꯏꯂꯔ ꯐꯦꯅꯣꯃꯦꯅꯥꯗꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯏ꯫

(1) ꯁꯤꯂꯤꯟꯗꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯄꯥꯟꯗꯥ ꯂꯤꯛ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯦꯟꯠꯔꯤꯛ ꯄꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯣꯟ ꯔꯣꯗ ꯏꯅꯁ꯭ꯇꯣꯜ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ, ꯂꯨꯕ꯭ꯔꯤꯀꯦꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯣꯏꯜ ꯄꯤꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯗꯕꯥ, ꯁꯤꯂꯤꯟꯗꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯁꯤꯂꯤꯟꯗꯔ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯟ ꯔꯣꯗꯀꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯑꯀꯥꯌ-ꯑꯇꯣꯌꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯤꯂꯤꯡ ꯔꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯤꯂꯤꯡ ꯔꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯣꯀꯍꯅꯕꯥ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯑꯃꯥꯡ-ꯑꯇꯥ ꯊꯣꯀꯍꯅꯕꯅꯥ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤ꯫

ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ, ꯁꯤꯂꯤꯟꯗꯔ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯄꯥꯅꯒꯤ ꯂꯤꯛ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗꯥ ꯎꯕꯥ ꯐꯪꯂꯕꯁꯨ, ꯄꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯟ ꯔꯣꯗ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯤꯂꯤꯟꯗꯔꯒꯤ ꯀꯣꯑꯦꯛꯁꯦꯜ ꯗꯤꯞꯂꯣꯃꯥ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯣꯏꯗꯅꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯄꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯟ ꯔꯣꯗꯀꯤ ꯁꯦꯟꯇꯔ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅꯥ-ꯑꯦꯗꯖꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯇꯧꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ; ꯑꯦꯛꯇꯤꯕꯦꯇꯔ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯐꯖꯅꯥ ꯂꯨꯕ꯭ꯔꯤꯀꯦꯠ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯉꯝꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯜ ꯃꯤꯁ꯭ꯠ +ꯅꯥ ꯊꯥꯖꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯅꯥ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯕꯔꯥ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯇꯧꯗ꯭ꯔꯤꯕꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯗꯨ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯅꯥꯏꯅꯥ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯃꯔꯨ ꯑꯣꯏ; ꯁꯤꯂꯤꯡ ꯔꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯤꯂꯤꯡ ꯔꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯔꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯥ ꯑꯃꯥꯡ-ꯑꯇꯥ ꯊꯣꯀꯍꯅꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ, ꯃꯗꯨ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯆꯥꯅꯥ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯇꯥꯏ; ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯁꯤꯂꯤꯟꯗꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯑꯁꯣꯛ-ꯑꯄꯟ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯗꯨ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯆꯥꯅꯥ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ; ꯄꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯣꯟ ꯔꯣꯗ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯅꯥ ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕꯥ ꯃꯍꯨꯠ ꯁꯤꯅꯕꯥ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ꯫

(2) ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯗꯕꯥ ꯑꯥꯎꯇꯄꯨꯠ ꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯦꯁ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯤꯂꯤꯟꯗꯔꯒꯤ ꯑꯅꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯕꯜ ꯃꯨꯚꯃꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅꯥ ꯄꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯣꯟ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯄꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯟ ꯔꯣꯗ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯧꯈꯠꯂꯀꯄꯥ, ꯑꯀꯤꯕꯥ ꯄꯣꯀꯍꯅꯕꯥ ꯂꯨꯕ꯭ꯔꯤꯀꯦꯁꯟ, ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯗꯕꯥ ꯐ꯭ꯌꯨꯑꯦꯂꯅꯥ ꯄꯤꯕꯥ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯁꯤꯂꯤꯟꯗꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯀꯟꯗꯦꯟꯁꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯁꯣꯛ-ꯑꯄꯟ ꯊꯣꯀꯍꯅꯕꯅꯥ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯊꯣꯀꯏ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯥ, ꯄꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯟ ꯔꯣꯗꯀꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ ꯑꯦꯗꯖꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯇꯧꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ: ꯑꯣꯏꯜ ꯃꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯀꯤ ꯑꯥꯔꯇꯋꯥꯔꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯊꯥꯖꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ꯭ꯔꯥ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯕ꯭ꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯗꯨ ꯇꯦꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ; ꯒꯦꯁꯣꯂꯤꯟ ꯗꯦꯂꯤꯚꯔꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯕ꯭ꯂꯣꯛ ꯇꯧꯏ꯫ ꯁꯤꯂꯤꯟꯗꯔ ꯔꯤꯃꯤꯅꯦꯁꯅꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯀꯟꯗꯦꯟꯁꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯝꯞꯌꯨꯔꯤꯇꯤ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯆꯥꯅꯥ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯀꯗꯕꯅꯤ꯫

(3) ꯁꯤꯂꯤꯟꯗꯔꯒꯤ ꯕꯐꯔ ꯏꯐꯦꯛꯇ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯉꯀꯄꯅꯤ, ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅꯥ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯕꯐꯔ ꯁꯤꯜ ꯔꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯃꯥꯡ-ꯑꯇꯥ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯑꯦꯗꯖꯁ꯭ꯇꯃꯦꯟꯇ ꯁ꯭ꯛꯔꯨ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯑꯃꯥꯡ-ꯑꯇꯥ ꯊꯣꯀꯍꯅꯕꯅꯥ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯑꯣꯏ꯫ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯄꯔ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ, ꯁꯤꯂꯤꯡ ꯔꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯗꯖꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯡ ꯁ꯭ꯛꯔꯨꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯇꯥꯏ꯫

(4) ꯁꯤꯂꯤꯟꯗꯔꯒꯤ ꯄꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯟ ꯔꯣꯗ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯤꯂꯤꯟꯗꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯀꯣꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯣꯀꯏ, ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅꯥ ꯄꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯣꯟ ꯔꯣꯗ ꯏꯅꯁ꯭ꯇꯣꯂꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯦꯟꯠꯔꯤꯛ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯕꯐꯔ ꯃꯦꯀꯥꯅꯤꯖꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯄꯦꯟꯇꯤꯡ ꯇꯧꯗꯦ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯥ, ꯄꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯟ ꯔꯣꯗꯀꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯐꯉ꯭ꯀꯁꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯦꯗꯖꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯇꯧꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ; ꯕꯐꯔ ꯁꯤꯜ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯑꯦꯗꯖꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯛꯔꯨ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯄꯗꯦꯠ ꯇꯧ꯫

꯲.ꯔꯤꯚꯥꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯚꯜꯌꯨ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯁꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯂꯩ .

ꯔꯤꯚꯥꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯚꯜꯌꯨꯒꯤ ꯑꯁꯣꯌꯕꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ: ꯚꯜꯌꯨ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯔꯤꯚꯔꯁ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯉꯃꯗꯦ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯔꯤꯚꯥꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯨꯚꯃꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯇꯞꯅꯥ ꯇꯞꯅꯥ, ꯒ꯭ꯌꯥꯁ ꯂꯤꯛ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯦ, ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯄꯥꯏꯂꯣꯠ ꯚꯜꯌꯨ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯁꯣꯌꯕꯥ ꯂꯩꯔꯦ꯫

(1) ꯔꯤꯚꯥꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯚꯜꯌꯨ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯔꯤꯚꯔꯁ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯉꯃꯗꯦ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯔꯤꯚꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯣꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯦꯡꯗꯅꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅꯥ ꯐꯠꯇꯕꯥ ꯂꯨꯕ꯭ꯔꯤꯀꯦꯁꯟ ꯂꯩꯕꯅꯥ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯨꯅꯥ, ꯁ꯭ꯞꯔꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯦꯡꯗꯅꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯑꯃꯥꯡ-ꯑꯇꯥ ꯊꯣꯀꯄꯥ, ꯁ꯭ꯂꯥꯏꯗ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯈꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯃꯔꯃꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯂꯧꯈꯠꯄꯥ ꯌꯥꯕꯥ ꯇꯦꯜ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯑꯁꯣꯛ-ꯑꯄꯅꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯥ, ꯑꯣꯏꯜ ꯃꯤꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯑꯍꯥꯅꯕꯗꯥ ꯑꯥꯔꯇꯀꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯅꯥꯏꯅꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯗꯨ ꯇꯦꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯇꯧꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ; ꯂꯨꯕ꯭ꯔꯤꯀꯦꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯣꯏꯂꯒꯤ ꯚꯤꯁ꯭ꯀꯣꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯨꯝꯃꯤ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯆꯨꯃꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯁꯤ꯫ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯂꯨꯕ꯭ꯔꯤꯀꯦꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯣꯏꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯇꯥꯏ, ꯔꯤꯚꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯚꯜꯌꯨꯒꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯂꯥꯏꯗ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯐꯖꯅꯥ ꯃꯨꯠꯊꯠꯀꯗꯕꯅꯤ, ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯞꯔꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯚꯜꯌꯨ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯇꯥꯏ꯫

(2) ꯃꯇꯝ ꯁꯥꯡꯅꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯔꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ, ꯔꯤꯚꯥꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯚꯜꯌꯨ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯨꯜ ꯁꯤꯜ ꯔꯤꯡ, ꯚꯜꯌꯨꯝ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯤꯠꯇꯥ ꯑꯃꯥꯡ-ꯑꯇꯥ ꯊꯣꯀꯍꯅꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯕꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯗꯣꯡꯊꯤꯕꯥ ꯂꯩ꯫ ꯃꯣꯇꯤꯚꯁꯤꯡ ꯚꯜꯌꯨꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯒ꯭ꯌꯥꯁ ꯂꯤꯛ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ, ꯚꯜꯌꯨꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯇꯞꯅꯥ ꯇꯞꯅꯥ ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯠ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯅꯣꯔꯃꯦꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯔꯤꯚꯔꯁ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯔꯣꯏ꯫ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ, ꯁꯤꯂꯤꯡ ꯔꯤꯡ, ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯤꯠ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ, ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯔꯤꯚꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯚꯜꯌꯨ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ

(3) ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯁꯣꯂꯤꯅꯣꯏꯗ ꯄꯥꯏꯂꯣꯠ ꯚꯜꯌꯨꯒꯤ ꯏꯅꯂꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯥꯎꯇꯂꯦꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯩꯁꯥ ꯌꯥꯎꯕꯥ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯤꯀꯦꯂꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯦꯡꯅꯥ ꯕ꯭ꯂꯣꯛ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯀ꯭ꯂꯣꯖꯔ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯄꯨꯝꯕꯗꯥ ꯑꯀꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯦ, ꯍꯤꯡꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯥꯏꯔꯟ ꯁꯦꯟꯇꯔ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯦꯡꯗꯅꯥ ꯂꯩ, ꯁꯔꯛꯌꯨꯏꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯁꯣꯌꯕꯥ ꯂꯩ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯇꯩ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯂꯩ꯫

 

ꯑꯍꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯑꯍꯨꯃꯂꯛ, ꯄꯥꯏꯂꯣꯠ ꯚꯜꯌꯨ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯆꯠꯊꯣꯛ-ꯆꯠꯁꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯕꯥ ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯂꯗ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯝꯞꯌꯨꯔꯤꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯦꯡꯗꯣꯛꯀꯗꯕꯅꯤ꯫ ꯁꯔꯛꯌꯨꯏꯠ ꯐꯣꯜꯇ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅꯥ ꯁꯔꯛꯌꯨꯏꯠ ꯐꯣꯜꯇ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯃꯦꯒ꯭ꯅꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯀꯣꯏꯜ ꯐꯣꯜꯇ ꯂꯦꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯈꯥꯌꯗꯣꯀꯏ꯫ ꯁꯔꯛꯌꯨꯏꯠ ꯐꯣꯜꯇ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯆꯦꯛ ꯇꯧꯕꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯍꯥꯟꯅꯥ, ꯔꯤꯚꯥꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯚꯜꯌꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯦꯟꯌꯨꯑꯦꯜ ꯅꯣꯕꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯔꯤꯚꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅꯥ ꯔꯦꯠ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯌꯔ ꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯦꯅꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗꯥ ꯔꯤꯚꯔꯁ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯕ꯭ꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯗꯨ ꯌꯦꯡꯅꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯝꯂꯕꯥ ꯏꯟꯁꯇꯦꯟꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯂꯛꯀꯗꯕꯅꯤ꯫ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅꯥ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯉꯝꯂꯕꯗꯤ, ꯁꯔꯛꯌꯨꯏꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯁꯣꯌꯕꯥ ꯂꯩ꯫ ꯆꯦꯛ ꯇꯧꯔꯤꯉꯩꯗꯥ, ꯗꯤꯚꯥꯏꯁ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯃꯦꯒ꯭ꯅꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯒꯤ ꯚꯣꯜꯇ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯆꯨꯝꯅꯥ ꯂꯦꯄꯊꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯉꯃꯒꯅꯤ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯚꯣꯜꯇ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯈꯛꯇꯃꯛ ꯌꯧꯔꯛꯂꯕꯗꯤ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯚꯣꯜꯇ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯅꯦꯝꯅꯥ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕꯗꯨ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯔꯤꯚꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯚꯜꯌꯨ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯔꯦꯇꯦꯗ ꯚꯣꯜꯇ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗꯥ ꯅꯣꯔꯃꯦꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯔꯤꯚꯔꯁ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯉꯃꯗ꯭ꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯄꯨꯝꯕꯗꯥ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯃꯦꯒ꯭ꯅꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯀꯣꯏꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯀꯟꯇꯦꯛꯇ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯅꯐꯦꯒꯅꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯀꯣꯏꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ꯭ꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯗꯨ ꯆꯦꯛ ꯇꯧꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯔꯦꯇꯦꯗ ꯚꯣꯜꯇ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯅꯔꯖꯤ ꯁꯞꯂꯥꯏ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯦꯡꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ꯫ ꯇꯦꯛꯅꯤꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯣꯏꯂꯒꯤ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁ ꯐꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯅꯞꯂꯒ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯗꯤꯒ꯭ꯔꯤ ꯇꯧꯕꯅꯤ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁꯀꯤ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯨꯞꯅꯇꯒꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯆꯥꯎꯕꯥ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯄꯤꯀꯄꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯃꯦꯒ꯭ꯅꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯇ꯭ꯌꯨꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯊꯨꯒꯥꯏꯔꯦ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯨꯠ ꯁꯤꯅꯕꯥ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯥ ꯇꯥꯀꯏ꯫

 

꯳.ꯅ꯭ꯌꯨꯃꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯑꯣꯛꯁꯤꯖꯦꯟ ꯑꯦꯂꯤꯃꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯁꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯏ .

ꯅ꯭ꯌꯨꯃꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯑꯣꯛꯁꯤꯖꯦꯟ ꯑꯦꯗꯤꯇꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯐꯣꯜꯇꯁꯤꯡꯗꯤ: ꯑꯣꯏꯜ ꯃꯤꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯐꯦꯏꯂꯔ, ꯑꯣꯇꯣꯃꯦꯇꯦꯗ ꯕ꯭ꯂꯣꯗꯥꯎꯟ ꯇꯨꯜ + ꯐꯦꯏꯂꯔ, ꯃꯐꯂꯔ + ꯐꯦꯏꯂꯔ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯆꯤꯡꯕꯥ꯫

(꯱) ꯑꯣꯏꯜ ꯃꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯀꯤ ꯑꯁꯣꯏꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯤ: ꯔꯦꯒꯨꯂꯦꯇꯤꯡ ꯅꯤꯗꯂꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯗꯖꯁ꯭ꯇꯃꯦꯟꯇ ꯀ꯭ꯕꯥꯟꯇꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯨꯞꯅꯇꯒꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯄꯤꯀꯄꯥ, ꯑꯣꯏꯜ ꯁꯔꯛꯌꯨꯏꯠ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯕ꯭ꯂꯣꯛ ꯇꯧꯏ, ꯄꯥꯏꯄꯂꯥꯏꯟ ꯂꯤꯛ ꯑꯣꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯂꯤꯛꯌꯨꯏꯗ ꯑꯣꯏꯜ ꯗ꯭ꯔꯣꯄꯂꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯦꯇꯣꯃꯥꯏꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯔꯣꯏ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯥ, ꯕ꯭ꯂꯣꯀꯦꯖ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯌꯔ ꯂꯤꯀꯦꯖ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯆꯥꯅꯥ ꯍꯦꯟꯗꯜ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯆꯥꯎꯔꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯗ꯭ꯔꯣꯞ ꯃꯉꯥ/ꯃꯤꯅꯤꯠ ꯌꯧꯅꯕꯥ ꯊꯣꯡ-ꯊꯥꯀꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯦꯗꯖꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯇꯧꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ꯫ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯗꯥ, ꯑꯣꯏꯜ ꯀꯞ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯂꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯃꯐꯃꯗꯥ ꯊꯃꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯤꯃꯤꯠ ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯅꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ꯫ ꯑꯣꯏꯜ ꯀꯞ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯅꯦꯝꯕꯥ ꯃꯐꯃꯗꯥ ꯊꯥꯗꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯆꯥꯅꯥ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯀꯗꯕꯅꯤ꯫

(2) ꯀꯝꯞꯌꯨꯇꯔꯥꯏꯖ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯗ꯭ꯔꯦꯅꯔ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯥ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅꯥ ꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯦꯀꯥꯅꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯌꯥꯎꯍꯅꯕꯥ ꯉꯃꯗꯦ, ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯅꯣꯡꯖꯨ-ꯅꯨꯡꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯇꯦꯝꯄꯦꯔꯦꯆꯔ ꯅꯦꯝꯕꯥ ꯀꯦꯁꯀꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯏꯂꯤꯃꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯁꯤꯗꯥ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯇꯨꯅꯥ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯦꯡꯗꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯇꯥꯏ꯫

(3) ꯔꯤꯚꯥꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯚꯜꯌꯨꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯥ ꯄꯨꯀꯆꯦꯜ ꯁꯦꯡꯅꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯑꯁꯪꯕꯥ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯕ꯭ꯂꯣꯛ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯃꯊꯛꯇꯥ ꯔꯤꯚꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯚꯜꯌꯨꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤꯚꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯔꯤꯚꯥꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ ꯏꯝꯄꯦꯛꯇ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯄꯤꯒꯅꯤ, ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯝꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ ꯀ꯭ꯂꯤꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯋꯥꯏꯞ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ꯫

ꯏꯅꯛꯕꯥꯔꯤ ꯊꯥꯕꯤꯌꯨ